The Principle Of Respect For Patient Autonomy Essay

Over the past several decades, the principle of respect for patient autonomy has assumed a central place in health care. Indeed, respect for the self-determining decisions or interests of patients now is an underlying consideration for most professional codes of practice and also patient codes of rights (Cruess Cruess, 2008; MacLeod, Wilson Malpas, 2012). The dilemma now is that fear of losing autonomy or dignity during the dying process could lead some patients to request a hastened death. In a study investigating physician attitudes and behaviors when utilizing end-of-life decisions that hastened death, researchers found physicians who would submit to a patient’s request for an assisted death stated that respect for the patient’s autonomy was important in their decision-making (Fried, Stein, O’Sullivan, Brock, Novack, 1993). Physicians who would not comply with a patient’s request for an assisted death agreed that respect for autonomy was signific ant but instead citing other factors such as ethical and legal concerns (Fried et al., 1993). Expenditures Before the passing of the new law, gravely ill Canadians were forced to travel to Switzerland for a medically assisted death. The cost — $20,000 to $30,000 when accounting for flights and accommodation — puts this option out of reach for most Canadians. The service for preparing and monitoring the PAS can cost up to 4,000 Euros, and if they assume responsibility for having a doctor present, death certificate,Show MoreRelatedNursing Ethics : The Four Biomedical Principles Of Nursing1550 Words   |  7 Pagesbiomedical principles of nursing which refer to: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice. Specifically looking at autonomy I will further discuss and explain why I have chosen this principle, its value to good nursing practice and demonstrate its relation to mental health nursing, specifically dementia. Following this I will adhere to the conflicts that may impede its implementation in practice with autonomy, address the legal and professional obligations as a nurse in relation to autonomy andRead MoreCode Of Ethics For Nurses1614 Words   |  7 Pagescode of ethics is to be honored by every nurse, and every nurse should know their ethical obligation to their patients (American Nurses Association [ANA], 2015). This approach encompasses how to deliver safe patient care and sets a guideline for the nurse to carry out duties in a professional, responsible, and ethical manner (ANA, 2015). Nurses have a trusting relationship with patients, family members, and even the community. 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The nurse should also respect that the parents are not willing to give up on their son and are desperate to try anything to saveRead MoreEthical Challenges in Withdrawing Life Support1204 Words   |  5 Pagesconsiderations that are faced when considering the removal of life support for a patient. Then, I will draw some conclusions about the choices I would make if faced with the decision of having to remove life support for a member of my family. It may be that the decision to withhold or withdraw life support is most likely to pit the hopes and fears of patients and their families against medical science and their physician. Patients are compelled by powerful emotions (such as guilt) or by adherence to religiousRead MoreLegal Affairs And Ethics Of Medical Practice Essay1294 Words   |  6 Pagesalso provide you with a knowledge about ethical principles, rules and theories used in Health Care methodology as well as legal patients’ rights. We face and run into moral dilemmas and problems every day during our life. A large amount of books has been written to explain and help understand different ethical theories and consequently assist to solve these dilemmas. In medical practice they also arise very often. How should we apply the principles of ethics with such diverse problems that appear

Presentation Of Lamont Symphony Orchestra Performed Three...

Kregar 1 Rebecca Kregar Dr. Emily Intro to Music 23, November 2016 Concert Paper Assignment Lamont Symphony Orchestra performed three beautiful sets of music that was conducted by Ryan Kozak with Hisham Bravo Groover, Assistant Conductors and Lawrence Golan being the Music Director and Conductor at Denver University on Thursday, November 17, 2016 in June Swaner Concert Hall at 7:30pm. Kozak conducted all three of the of the pieces; Danse Macabre Op 40 by Camille Saint-Saà «ns (1835 to 1921), Isle of the Dead, Op. 29 by Sergei Rachmaninoff which is my favorite out of all three pieces (1873 to 1943), and Symphony No. 5, Op. 107 by Felix Mendelssohn (1809 to 1847). Walking into the concert hall I was flabbergasted. The size of the room just amazed me and the stage was fantastic to say the least. Made me more excited for the show to start! As I sat down in my seat I noticed all the types of people in the concert hall were dressed in many different sets of attire. Elderly people were better dressed with their suits and dresses and pant suits where the younger people in the con cert hall were still nicely dressed but were a little more casual. After what seemed like forever the lights finally began to go dim and I knew the show was about to start. In the first piece, Saint-Saà «ns, setting of the poem, the solo violin represents the devil who is playing his fiddle for the dance. The dance begins at the stroke of midnight in a graveyard. The harp begins the work with 12 strokes,

International Marketing Mix Strategies of The Lion Pty Limited

Question: Discuss about the International Marketing Mix Strategies of The Lion Pty Limited. Answer: Introduction As inferred from the previous assignments, The Lion Pty Limited has been working in the food and beverage industry for a decade of years now. This organization has started its operations from Australia and gradually expanded into New Zealand. The Company provides premium products of dairy, alcoholic and non alcoholic beverages. The Company is trying to achieve more international fame and name, by thinking to venture into the South Africa markets. The markets in South Africa are a persistent hub for the beverage industry. The beverage industry in Africa is controlled by the monopolistic economy. The establishment of the business in the African markets will help the company in achieving its objectives. In order to achieve the goals, the organization has analyzed the markets of the beverage industry in Africa. The company aims at targeting the middle age group and the youngsters in order to achieve goodwill and capture more and more of clients in the emerging markets. The competitor ana lysis is done, where it was found that Coca Cola is the biggest rival in the beverage industry for the various other companies. The markets in Africa cause a threat to the venture of the Lion Pty Limited due to the legislative measures and rules and regulations of the country on the import of the sugary drinks in the country. The SWOT analysis too helped out in determining the core competencies and opportunities for the organization to expand their business in the international market. The analysis has helped in outlining themarketing strategies required for the organization to expand their business in the foreign country. The main focus of this report is to outline the marketing objectives of the organization that it can achieve over a period of 12 months. Also, by understanding themarketing mix strategy of the organization, critical understanding is taken in order to formulate the strategic recommendations according to the standardization and adaptation of the strategies. The stud y further highlights the plan in order to administer, measure and control the international marketing strategy deployed for the Lion Pty Limited while expanding their business in the South African markets (Agency, 2015). Objectives of the organization The objectives for the organization refer to as the goals and targets of the organization. The objectives can be related to the sales, marketing and financial objectives. This part of the report highlights the objectives of the Lion Pty Limited that it can achieve and should achieve for a period of the first 12 months while venturing the markets of the beverage industry in South Africa. The organization aims at determining the objectives according to the SMART goals, i.e., the goals will be set that are highly specific, measurable, attainable in the particular time frame of 12 months, accurate and realistic. Following are the objectives of the organization in context with the plan originated in order to enter the international markets along with the domestic markets: In accordance with the growth of the beverage industry in the South African region, the Lion Pty Limited aims at acquiring the market share by 15% in the coming one year (Pfitzer Krishnaswamy, 2007). The sales projection for the first year is aimed by gaining a share of 20% itself. The net profit for the first year is aimed almost 25% of the Lion Pty Limited. The organization is aiming at spending $200 million on the promotional activities in order to promote the products in all the regions of the South Africa. To increase its operations in the South African market by 6% The aim is to provide the products that do not cause any harm to the health of the targeted audience. The organization aims at increasing the trail of the targeted group to 5% in the first year. The aim of the enterprise is to maintain its position in the monopolistic market. The objective is to build goodwill and fame by delivering the best quality products and services. To increase the customer service and satisfaction in the South African market The aim is to attain competitive advantage by adopting the suitable marketing strategies such as generic strategies or positioning strategy (OBrien, 2016). The core objective is to deliver the products with the help of talented managers and professionals, which aim at inducing the customers. Thereby, these are objectives, which can be achieved by the organization in the first 12 months of its operation in the South African market. Such objectives are highly attainable and can be accomplished by the Lion Pty Limited in the coming first year of its business in the international market. With the help of its retained growth and goodwill and also with the help of its premium and unique beverages, the organization can certainly achieve such sales and financial objectives easily. The above stated objectives will help the organization in facing the competition from the industrial rival firm, i.e., Coca Cola Company. Strategic Recommendations for the 4Ps The marketing mix strategy refers to as the set of tactical tools and techniques that are controlled according to the market situation in order to increase the customer base. The tools are used in order to attract the targeted audience. It refers to all the practices that an organization can take in order to uplift the demand for its products in the concerned market. When establishing the business in the new markets and country, the marketing mix strategy must inculcate some strategic recommendations that will help in standardizing and adapting the domestic as well as the international markets. The Lion Pty Limited will have to consider, which elements of the marketing mix should be standardized and which to be adapted. Standardization of the marketing mix provides advantages and disadvantages to the organization. It provides a greater volume of sales, goodwill, lower cost and a better brand image across the world (Meyer Bernier, 2010). When the organization aims at launching a new product or establishing itself in the new market, the adaptation of the marketing mix is preferred. Following are the recommendations for the marketing mix:- Product: The product offered by the Lion Pty Limited is the tangible product with unique packaging. The product is the ice cream, milk and yogurt that will be offered in the international markets. The standardized approach can be adopted when the tastes and preferences of the customers in the domestic and the international market are same. But, the culture and taste difference is too huge between South Africa and Australia that the company, can rely on the standardized approach by inducing the customers for it produces. The certain modifications can be done regarding the color of the product, design, packaging and etc. This will help the Lion Pty Limited in increasing the sales and providing better customer services both in the domestic as well as in the international market (Valassis Rsen, 2013). Price: The price for the products depend on the brand and the volume of the product purchased. The organization must consider the advantages and disadvantages of Standardization and Adaptation. The standardization refers to the process of setting the fixed amount of price in all the regions of the market across the globe. But, This type of strategy is suitable for the B2B business. Thereby, the company must adopt the adaptation strategy in order to fix the prices according to the factors prevailing in the foreign market. The competitive situation, tariff barriers and legislative measures, customer preferences in the foreign market drives to obtain the adaptation strategy in the South African market. This will help the organization in fixing the prices according to the situation in the domestic as well as the international market (Zou, Andrus, Norvell, 1997). The standardization approach is not recommended for the foreign market in context to this element of the marketing mix. Althou gh adapting the price strategy is sensitive, but will help the organization in achieving its organizational goals and objectives easily and permissibly. Promotion: This is the third element of the marketing mix strategy. This strategy aims at using the promotional activities like media advertising, personal selling, public relations, sales promotions and etc, in order to induce the customers to buy the particular product of the organization. The advertising message of the Lion Pty Limited organization will depend on the culture, language, nature, regional, economic values and media availability in the countries. At present, the organization promotes in Australia and New Zealand. The company is planning to venture into the markets of South African countries, where the language and religion of the customers is different from the customers in their domestic market (CIM, 2009). Therefore, the recommendation for the Lion Pty Limited organization is to adopt the adaptation strategy. This strategy will not change the whole advertising message, but will bring certain modifications according to the language and other factors of the South Afri can market. Also, this is recommended as this is a highly cost effective strategy for any modification or adaptation according to the situational factors of the country will not cost must in promoting the products. This will help the organization in achieving the target of inducing more and more of customer base. Place: This is the element where the distribution of the product takes place with the help of an effective design and channels of distribution that helps in enabling the product at a particular place on a particular time to the right buyer. For adopting the strategy of standardization and adaptation, the firm must first understand the distribution channels available in the country. It is very difficult to adopt the same channels as the domestic market. The distribution channels are the most important component in the marketing mix. It is recommended to ascertain the several factors such as the customer, the product and the culture in the South African market. The Lion Pty Limited must understand the factors like distribution infrastructure, disposable incomes and purchasing habits of the customers in the foreign market. Since, it is found that the distribution is highly at the place of colleges and universities where the population of youth is higher, thereby, the standardized techni que can also be used. The standardized technique of inclusive distribution must be followed by the organization in the international market. It will help in increasing sales along with the increase in the customer recognition (Batraga Puke, 2015). Also, this strategy is ideal for the beverage products, which will help in capturing the international market. Thus, it is clear that the organization must use certain generic strategies and also should adopt new strategies in order to venture its operations in the South African market. The organization can adopt the standardization strategy in elements like distribution and product, whereas must adopt the adaptation strategy in the elements like price and promotion. Plans for managing, measuring controlling international marketing strategy It is very important for the organizations to plan the process for managing, measuring and controlling the global marketing strategies in order to create a flexible structure that helps the organization in facing the differences of the new markets, where the organization has started its operations. The three aspects will be considered in the report (Nartoma, 1998). Managing: This refers to the planning and implementation of the strategy in the organization. The proper working environment according to the international set up must be organized in order to support the employees of the international market. The plan for executing the activities in the organization is implemented. The marketing program is also implemented according to the generic and adapted strategies. After the marketing program is implemented, the tactical details are recognized and arranged in order to execute effective working in the organization. The international marketing manager will look after all the men and material. He will aim at managing and organizing the activities according to the strategies of the international marketing effort. Measuring: Once, the plan is organized and implemented in the Lion Pty Limited, The manager will aim at measuring the targeted performance with the present performance of the operations. Oversight will be provided by the manager in order to perform the activities according to the supervision. The working environment is ensured according to the needs of the employees. The work in the organization is continuously monitored. The employees are motivated and trained according to the needs of the organization in order to perform the tasks. The organizational relationships are measured with the customers in order to build more and effective customer relations (FAO, 2013). Controlling: This plan aims at ensuring the performance and behavior of the employees and operations, according to the plans of the organization. The control is established in order to ascertain any kind of deviations in the organizational performance. The organization should establish standards in order to overcome the problems of deviations. If any kind of deviations are found, the reason behind such deviations are ascertained. Accordingly the corrective actions must be incorporated in the Lion Pty Limited organization. The control is must in the organization as this helps in enabling effective working in the organization. Also, by setting the standards, the goals will be achieved by the organization, whether in the domestic market or in the international market. Thereby, this is the plan for managing, measuring and controlling the international marketing efforts made by the Lion Pty Organization in order to expand and venture the beverage markets of the South Africa. This plan will help in maintaining control in the operations of the company (Schrage, 2015). Conclusion It can be concluded from the above analysis, that the Lion Pty Limited can achieve the marketing objectives in a period of 12 months with the help of strategies adopted as stated in the previous assignment. The positioning strategy and generic strategies will help in achieving the organizational goals of the Lion Pty Limited. The marketing mix strategy is the most component of achieving the tasks in the global market. The standardization vs the adaptation concept in the elements of the marketing mix has been deeply analyzed. The elements of the marketing mix have been discussed according to the appropriate strategy while making a venture in the international market. The proper strategic recommendations have been stated for the company to adopt the adaptation strategy or the standardization strategy while making the use of elements of the marketing mix. Further, the study involves the plans relating to the organizing, measuring and controlling the efforts made by the Lion Pty Limited in establishing its business in the international market. A complete and appropriate plan has been depicted in order to achieve its targets and goals. Thereby, the complete study will assist the organization in developing its operations in the international market. References Agency, N. T. (2015). Food and beverage manufacturing industry report. Retrieved from https://www.ntarestore.org/images/PDF/Research/New_Survey/Sector-Survey-Report-Food-Beverage-New.pdf Batraga, A., Puke, I. (2015). Integrating standardisation/adaptation in international marketing strategies. Retrieved from https://llufb.llu.lv/conference/economic_science_rural/2015/Latvia_ESRD_40_2015-27-36.pdf CIM. (2009). Marketing and the 7P's: A brief summary of marketing and how it works. Retrieved from https://www.thensmc.com/sites/default/files/CIM%207Ps%20Resource.PDF FAO. (2013). Organising, Planning And Controlling Global Marketing Operations. Retrieved from https://www.fao.org/docrep/W5973E/w5973e0h.htm Meyer, E., Bernier, I. (2010). Standardizing or Adapting the Marketing Mix across Culture. Retrieved from https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:326017/fulltext01 Nartoma. (1998). Planning, organization, and control of global marketing operations. Retrieved from https://ebooks.narotama.ac.id/files/Global%20Marketing%20Management%20(5th%20Edition)/Chapter%2017%20Planning,%20Organization,%20And%20Control%20Of%20Global%20Marketing%20Operations.pdf OBrien, T. (2016). State of the industry: essential information- facts and figures. Ernst Young. Retrieved from https://www.afgc.org.au/wp-content/uploads/AFGC_State-of-the-Industry-2016.pdf Pfitzer, M., Krishnaswamy, R. (2007). The role of the food and beverage sector in expanding economic opportunity. Retrieved from https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ivc/docs/UnileverandProjectNovella.pdf Schrage, C. (2015). Planning, Implementing, and Controlling Marketing Strategies. Retrieved from https://uni.edu/~schragec/Chapter%202.pdf Valassis, K., Rsen, Y. (2013). Adaptation/Standardization of SMEs Marketing Mix Elements across borders. Retrieved from https://www.diva-portal.se/smash/get/diva2:630818/FULLTEXT01.pdf Zou, S., Andrus, D., Norvell, D. (1997). Standardization of international marketing strategy by firms from a developing country. International Marketing Review, 14(2), 107-123. Retrieved from https://www.business.missouri.edu/zou/Resume/zou-andrus-norvell1997IMR.pdf

Napoleon Essays (1214 words) - Napoleon, French Emperors

Napoleon Napoleon saved France from a near anarchic situation. He extended the French territory to bring glory to the French people, and the rights of the revolution to the in Europe. Napoleon Bonaparte was the greatest man in all of history. Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15, 1769 to Carlo and Letizia Bonaparte. No Bonaparte except for Napoleon became a professional soldier. His father Carlo fought for Corsican independence, but after the French occupied the island he served as a prosecutor and judge and entered the French aristocracy. Napoleon had an excellent education and excellent military training. His father secured a scholarship for him to the French military school at Brienne. When he was in school he put all his time and effort into his studies. Then in 1794 at age 15 he graduated 42nd in his class of 58. For more education after he graduated he spent a year at the Military Academy in Paris. Then he was commissioned a second lieutenant in artillery. Napoleon commanded an artillery brigade at the siege of Toulon where there was a British fleet. The British were driven out, and Napoleon was rewarded with a promotion to General of Brigade. In February of 1794 Napoleon was assigned to the French army in Italy. On October 5, 1795 a revolt broke out in Paris because of protesting the new constitution introduced by the Convection. Napoleon was ordered to defend the convection and was aided by Joachim Murats cannons. He was able to stop the revolting within four months. He was rewarded by the Directory, with the appointment as commander of the army of the interior. In March of 1796 Napoleon began a series of operations to divide and defeat the Austrian and Sardinian armies in Italy. He defeated the Sardinians at Mondovi, Forcing them to conclude a separate peace by which Savoy and Nice were ceded to France. With excellent leadership Napoleon was able to win Lombardy from the Austrians. On May 19, 1798 he sailed with an army of more than 35,000 troops and 350 ships to Alexandria Egypt. At this point in time, he occupied Alexandria and Cairo. There he guaranteed Islamic law, and began to reorganize the government. Napoleon liked the ideals of the Enlightment. He used some of those ideals in his law making and reforms. For example he believed in the equality of all citizens. Also he thought that everyone should have the freedom of occupation and freedom of religion. Napoleon thought that there shouldn't be any kind of slavery in France, because it defied the rights of the people. The coup d'etat was an act by Napoleon and Emmanuel Sieyes to overthrow the Directory. The Directory was a new form of government that was established in 1795. It consisted of five members that were elected by both houses of the legislature. This form of government was proved even less effective than the Legislative Assembly and the national convention. Within the Directory there was incompetence and corruption that was putting France in a major debt. It didn't do much to solve the financial problems and military problems in France. Attacks on the republic and other conservatives increased. Rising prices and disrupted production drove some groups in France to armed protests. And foreign hostility to France continued. Then when Napoleon, Sieyes, and their followers got their chance they executed the coup d'etat. Armed soldiers forced legislators from their chambers, and abolished the directory. France proclaimed a new form of government that Napoleon called the Consulate. It was headed by three consuls, and Napoleon was the first consul. Napoleon Bonaparte made many reforms that helped France. One major reform was the Napoleonic Code, Which was a series of laws that some people thought was his greatest achievement ever. This code granted equality to all the citizens of France before the law. It confirmed the end of serfdom and slavery in France. It also gave people the freedom of occupation and the freedom to practice their religion. But, it reduced the rights of some groups including women. There were many other forms as well that strengthened the state. He initiated the Concordat with Pope Pius VII, Which re-established Roman Catholicism. Napoleon lowered the national

Logistics Essay Research Paper Henri Fayol free essay sample

Logisticss Essay, Research Paper Henri Fayol # 8211 ; the organisation adult male # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; -Fayol was the first to truly set to write a comprehensive theory of disposal. Some might state that he merely observed what worked good in bing organisations and provided footings to explicate how those organziations were organized. He spoke of # 8220 ; Administrative Science # 8221 ; and sought a consistent set of rules that all organisations must hold to run decently. The nomenclature he began is still current today. He was the first to talk of: A demand for planning, organisation, bid, co-ordination, and control as pieces within a set. ( his five maps ) He besides saw a set of # 8220 ; rules # 8221 ; that were common to all organisations seeking to constructivel y make work. Some of these are: the division of labour ( a rule ) authorization and duty ( another rule ) integrity of bid # 8211 ; one foreman ( another rule ) integrity of way # 8211 ; one program ( another rule ) Note particularly Fayol # 8217 ; s association of authorization and duty. We will write a custom essay sample on Logistics Essay Research Paper Henri Fayol or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The former is the right to order others and the latter is the duty for making the work that was assigned. Both are necessary. A director should neer be given authorization without duty # 8211 ; and besides should neer be given duty without the associated authorization to acquire the work done.Motivation TheoryElton Mayo # 8217 ; s Hawthorne ExperimentsThe Hawthorne Effect at WorkIn the preparation universe, the Hawthorne Effect is a chameleon. Ask several trainers and you # 8217 ; ll likely acquire several definitions, most of them legitimate and all of them true to some facet of the original experiments by Elton Mayo, in Chicago that produced the term.It has been described as the wagess you reap when you pay attending to people. The mere act of demoing people that you # 8217 ; rhenium concerned about them normally spurs them to better occupation performance.That # 8217 ; s the Hawthorne Effect.The Hawthorne Effect at WorkSuppose you # 8217 ; ve taken a direction trainee and g iven her specialised preparation in direction accomplishments she doesn # 8217 ; t now possess. Without salvaging a word, you # 8217 ; ve given the trainee the feeling that she is so valuable to the organisation that you # 8217 ; ll pass clip and money to develop her accomplishments. She feels she # 8217 ; s on a path to the top, and that motivates her to work harder and better. The motive is independent of any peculiar accomplishments or knowledge she may hold gained from the preparation session. That # 8217 ; s the Hawthorne Effect at work.In a manner, the Hawthorne Effect can be construed as an enemy of the modern trainer. Transporting the theory to the borders of cynicism, some would state it doesn # 8217 ; Ts make any difference what you teach because the Hawthorne Effect will bring forth the positive result you want.A Sense of Belonging? How do you react to executives who denigrate preparation and recognition the Hawthorne Effect when productiveness rises? So what? Effec tive preparation performs a double map: It educates people and it strokes them. And there # 8217 ; s nil incorrect with utilizing the Hawthorne Effect to make this other preparation end. In fact, the contention is that approximately 50 % of any successful preparation session can be attributed to the Hawthorne Effect.The Hawthorne Effect has besides been called the # 8216 ; Somebody Upstairs Cares # 8217 ; syndrome. It # 8217 ; s non every bit simplistic as the ideal popular under the human dealingss fad over recent old ages that you merely hold to be nice to workers. It # 8217 ; s more than etiquette.When people spend a big part of their clip at work, they must hold a sense of belonging, of being portion of a squad. When they do, they produce better. That # 8217 ; s the Hawthorne Effect.Orwellian? One frequently hears a different reading of the Hawthorne Effect. George Orwell would understand this version ; it has a Big Brother ring that # 8217 ; s far less benign than other definitions. Peoples use it when they talk about workers under the oculus of the supervisor.If person should subtly detect workers on the occupation to see if they truly apply new processs they # 8217 ; ve learned in a preparation class. Occasionally, directors object stating that observation International Relations and Security Network # 8217 ; t a valid trial Of class they # 8217 ; ll make a good occupation if you # 8217 ; re watching them, they tell her. Isn # 8217 ; t that the Hawthorne Effect? Well non precisely. # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8211 ; Motivation TheoryEmployee motive in practiceManagement literature is full with existent instance histories of what does and what does non actuate people. Presented here is a probationary initial wid e choice of the assorted patterns that have been tried in order to pull lessons for the future. # 8217 ; Stick # 8217 ; or # 8216 ; carrot # 8217 ; ? The traditional Victorian manner of rigorous subject and penalty has non merely failed to present the goods, but it has besides left a temper of discontent amongst the on the job category. Punishment appears to hold produced negative instead than positive consequences and has increased the ill will between # 8216 ; them # 8217 ; ( the direction ) and # 8216 ; us # 8217 ; ( the workers ) . In contrast to this, the # 8216 ; carrot # 8217 ; attack, affecting blessing, congratulations and acknowledgment of attempt has markedly improved the work atmosphere, produced the # 8216 ; goods # 8217 ; and given the workers tremendous satisfaction.Manager # 8217 ; s # 8216 ; toolkit # 8217 ; The director # 8217 ; s chief undertaking is to actuate his or her squad, both separately and jointly so that they can present the # 8216 ; goo ds # 8217 ; and besides derive satisfaction from it.This may look slightly contradictory, but it seems to work. The chief tools in the undertaking director # 8217 ; s kitbag for actuating the squad are: blessing, congratulations and acknowledgment ; trust, regard and high outlooks ; trueness, given that it may be received ; occupation enrichment ; good communications ; hard currency inducements. These are arranged in order of importance and it is interesting to observe that hard currency is manner down ( Stallworthy A ; Kharbanda ( 1983 ) ) the ladder of incentives. Let # 8217 ; s expression at a twosome of illustrations taken from existent life state of affairss. We read that the Swedish ship building company, Kockums, turned a 15 million dollar loss into a 100 million dollar net income in the class of 10 old ages due wholly to a changed perceptual experience of the work force brought about by better motive. Again, at Western Electric there was a dramatic betterment in end prod uct after the supervisors and directors started taking greater involvement in their employees.Don # 8217 ; t coerce # 8211 ; persuade! Persuasion is far more powerful than coercion, merely as the pen is mightier than the blade. Directors have a much better opportunity of success if they use persuasion instead than coercion. The former physiques morale, inaugural and motive, whilst the latter rather efficaciously putting to deaths such qualities. The three basic constituents in persuasion are: suggest ; play on the individual # 8217 ; s sentiments ; and appeal to logic. Once positive, the individual is so motivated as to present the # 8216 ; goods # 8217 ; . The director will hold achieved the end softly, gently and with the lower limit of attempt. It is, in consequence, an effortless achievement.There has been a considerable sum of research into persuasion / motive in the field of advertisement and selling. The research is wholly of the applied type, which can and has been used to great practical advantage. Some of the findings in this field were foremost published in the 1950ss in a book with the rubric, The Hidden Persuaders, which became a bestseller.More modern-day # 8216 ; inducers # 8217 ; used by advertisement and selling people include: Faster talk is found to be more effectual, since it is remembered better. Brain emits fast beta moving ridges when a individual is truly interested in a peculiar presentation. These moving ridges can be detected by an instrument. Subliminal attack utilizing short continuance presentation, whereby the message is transmitted below the degree of consciousness. Can these findings be used in existent work conditions? AT A ; T ( The American Telephone and Telegraph Co. , ) acknowledging the importance of concealed demands, at one clip succeeded in advancing long distance calls by usage of the simple phrase: # 8216 ; Reach out, make out and touch person # 8217 ; . Directors will necessitate to accommodate this persua sion / motive technique to their ain situation.Job satisfaction # 8211 ; is there a tendency? This is the rubric of a survey carried out by the US Department of Labor among 1500 workers, who were asked to rate the occupation factors, from a list of 23, which they considered of import get downing from the most of import factor. Their findings ( Sanzotta ( 1977 ) ) are: # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8211 ; White-collar workers Blue-collar workers ( a ) interesting work ( B ) chance to develop particular abilities ( degree Celsius ) adequate information ( vitamin D ) adequate authorization ( vitamin E ) plenty aid and equipment ; ( degree Fahrenheit ) friendly and helpful coworkers ( g ) chance to see consequences of work ( h ) competent supervising ( I ) responsibilities clearly defined ( J ) good wage ( a ) good wage ( B ) sufficiency aid and equipment ( degree Celsius ) occupation security ( vitamin D ) adequate information ( vitamin E ) interesting work ( f ) friendly and helpful coworkers ( g ) responsibilities clearly defined ( H ) chance to see consequences of work ( one ) adequate authorization ( J ) competent supervising # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8211 ; It is interesting that out of the 23 occupation factors listed for the study, yet with the exclusion of two points ( white-collar workers # 8217 ; pick ( B ) and blue-collar workers # 8217 ; pick ( degree Celsius ) ) groups selected the same top 10 factors, although with different rankings. It is important that good wage was considered as th e most of import factor by the blue-collar workers, but it ranked as the least of import for white-collar workers.Motivating your salesforceIt is good known that single behaviour is intensely personal and alone, yet companies seek to utilize the same policies to actuate everyone. This is chiefly for convenience and easiness compared to providing for single oddnesss ( Lindstone ( 1978 ) ) . # 8216 ; Tailoring # 8217 ; the policy to the demands of each person is hard but is far more effectual and can pay fine-looking dividends. Fairness, decision, giving congratulations and constructive unfavorable judgment can be more effectual than money in the affair of motive. Leadership is considered synonymous ( Tack ( 1979 ) ) with motive, and the best signifier of leading is designated as SAL, state of affairs adaptable leading. In this manner of leading, one is neer surprised or shocked, leading must get down with the main executive and it is more a affair of version than of leaving cogniti on. Ultimately, it is the leading quality which leads to the success of a company through edifice and actuating its people. # 8217 ; The one-minute director # 8217 ; A modern-day best seller ( Blanchard A ; Johnson ( 1983 ) ) aimed at directors who seek to do star performing artists of their subsidiaries. To get down with, the director sets a end, e.g. one page read in one minute, and it is seen to be achieved by # 8216 ; one minute # 8217 ; of praising or rebuke as the instance may be. But to be effectual, these must be given ( a ) quickly, ( B ) in specific footings, and the behaviour, instead than the individual, should be praised or reprimanded.The construct is basic and it makes sense, although the book seeks to # 8216 ; dramatise # 8217 ; it. # 8216 ; One minute # 8217 ; praising is seen to be the motivative force. Everyone is considered a victor, though some people are disguised as also-rans, and the director is extolled non to be fooled by such appearances. # 8217 ; Lessons from America # 8217 ; s Best-run Companies # 8217 ; Another best seller, In Search of Excellence ( Peters A ; Waterman ( 1982 ) ) . Several standards, including analysis of one-year studies and in-depth interviews, were used to pick 14 # 8216 ; model first-class companies # 8217 ; out of an initial sample of 62 companies. As expected, most of the action in high-performing companies revolved around its people, their success being ascribed to: ( a ) productiveness through people ; ( B ) extraordinary public presentation from ordinary employees ; ( degree Celsius ) handling people decently.Personnel map and in peculiar leading were considered the minute st critical components. If the leaders in an organization can create and sustain an environment in which all employees are motivated, the overall performance is bound to be good. The three essentials for creating such an environment are:(a) fairness;(b) job security; and(c) involvement.Of all the resources available, the human resource is clearly the most significant, but also the most difficult to manage. Excellence can only be achieved through excellent performance of every person, rather than by the high-pitched performance of a few individuals. And motivation is, undoubtedly, the crux.ConclusionThere is no simple answer to the question of how to motivate people. Can money motivate? Yes, but money alone is not enough, though it does help. We have discussed some of the pertinent theories bearing on human motivation and this is balanced by some of the practical factors which can lead to excellence. Human resource remains the focal point and leadership the critical component, and m otivation has to be ‘tailored’ to each individual. The next section deals with an important mode of motivation, namely financial. Motivation TheoryThe theorists and their theories (1 of 2)Although the process of management is as old as history, the scientific management as we know it today is basically a twentieth century phenomenon. Also, as in some other fields, practice has been far ahead of theory. This is still true in the field of management, contrary to the situation in some of the pure sciences. A giant of a man, like Albert Einstein, formulates a theory, which is later proved by decades of intensive research and experimentation. Not so in the field of management.In fact this field has been so devoid of real fundamental work so far, that Herbert A. Simon is the first management theoretician to win the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1978. His contribution itself gives a clue to the difficulty, bordering on impossibility, of real fundamental work in this field conce rned with people. In order to arrive at a correct decision, the manager must have all the information necessary relevant to the various factors and all the time in the world to analyze the same.This is seldom, if ever, the case. Both the information available and the time at the manager’s disposal are limited, but he or she must make a decision. And the decision is, therefore, not the optimum one but a ’satisficing’ one – in effect, a satisfactory compromise under the real conditions prevailing in the management ‘arena’.Traditional theory ‘X’This can best be ascribed to Sigmund Freud who was no lover of people, and was far from being optimistic. Theory X assumes that people are lazy; they hate work to the extent that they avoid it; they have no ambition, take no initiative and avoid taking any responsibility; all they want is security, and to get them to do any work, they must be rewarded, coerced, intimidated and punished. This is the so-called ’stick and carrot’ philosophy of management. If this theory were valid, managers will have to constantly police their staff, whom they cannot trust and who will refuse to cooperate. In such an oppressive and frustrating atmosphere, both for the manager and the managed, there is no possibility of any achievement or any creative work. But fortunately, as we know, this is not the case.Theory ‘Y’ – Douglas McGregorThis is in sharp contrast to theory ‘X’. McGregor believed that people want to learn and that work is their natural activity to the extent that they develop self-discipline and self-development. They see their reward not so much in cash payments as in the freedom to do difficult and challenging work by themselves. The manager’s job is to ‘dovetail’ the human wish for self-development into the organization’s need for maximum productive efficiency. The basic objectives of both are therefor e met and with imagination and sincerity, the enormous potential can be tapped.Does it sound too good to be true? It could be construed, by some, that Theory ‘Y’ management is soft and slack. This is not true and the proof is in the ‘pudding’, for it has already proved its worth in the USA and elsewhere. For best results, the persons must be carefully selected to form a homogeneous group. A good leader of such a group may conveniently ‘absent’ from group meetings so they can discuss the matters freely and help select and ‘groom’ a new leader. The leader does no longer hanker after power, lets people develop freely, and may even (it is hoped) enjoy watching the development and actualisation of people, as if, by themselves. Everyone, and most of all the organisation, gains as a result.Theory ‘Z’ – Abraham MaslowThis is a refreshing change from the theory X of Freud, by a fellow psychologist, Abraham Maslow. Maslow totally rejects the dark and dingy Freudian basement and takes us out into the fresh, open, sunny and cheerful atmosphere. He is the main founder of the humanistic school or the third force which holds that all the good qualities are inherent in people, at least, at birth, although later they are gradually lost.Maslow’s central theme revolves around the meaning and significance of human work and seems to epitomise Voltaire’s observation in Candide, ‘work banishes the three great evils -boredom, vice and poverty’. The great sage Yajnavalkya explains in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad that by good works a man becomes holy, by evil works evil. A man’s personality is the sum total of his works and that only his works survive a man at death. This is perhaps the essence of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, as it is more comonly know.Maslow’s major works include the standard textbook (in collaboration with Mittlemann), Principles of Abnormal Psychology (1941), a seminal paper, ‘A Theory of Human Motivation’ (1943) and the book, Eupsychian Management (pronounced yew-sigh-keyan) published in 1965. Maslow’s theory of human motivation is, in fact, the basis of McGregor’s theory ‘Y’ briefly described above. The basic human needs, according to Maslow, are:(a) physiological (Lowest)(b) safety;(c) love;(d) esteem; and(e) self-actualization (Highest)Man’s behavior is seen as dominated by his unsatisfied needs and he is a ‘perpetually wanting animal’, for when one need is satisfied he aspires for the next higher one. This is, therefore, seen as an ongoing activity, in which the man is totally absorbed in order to attain perfection through self-development.The highest state of self-actualization is characterized by integrity, responsibility, magnanimity, simplicity and naturalness. Self-actualizers focus on problems external to themselves. His prescription for human salva tion is simple, but not easy: ‘Hard work and total commitment to doing well the job that fate or personal destiny calls you to do, or any important job that â€Å"calls for† doing’.Maslow has had his share of critics, but he has been able to achieve a refreshing synthesis of divergent and influential philosophies of:(a) Marx – economic and physical needs;(b) Freud – physical and love needs;(c) Adler – esteem needs;(d) Coldstein – self-actualization. ——————————————————————————– Motivation TheoryEmployee motivation in the workplace (part 2)Frederick Herzberg – Motivation hygiene theoryThis is based on analysis of the interviews of 200 engineers and accountants in the Pittsburgh area in the USA. According to this theory, people work first and for emost in their own self-enlightened interest, for they are truly happy and mentally healthy through work accomplishment. People’s needs are of two types: Animal needs (hygiene factors) Human needs (motivators) Company policy Supervision Interpersonal relations Working conditions Salary Achievement Recognition Work Responsibility Advancement Unsatisfactory hygiene factors can act as de-motivators, but if satisfactory, their motivational effect is limited. The psychology of motivation is quite complex and Herzberg has exploded several myths about motivators such as:(a) shorter working week; (b) increasing wages; (c) fringe benefits; (d) sensitivity / human relations training; (c) communication. As typical examples, saying ‘please’ to shop-floor workers does not motivate them to work hard, and telling them about the performance of the company may even antagonize them more. Herzberg regards these also as hygiene factors, which, if satisfactory, satisfy animal needs b ut not human needs.Chris ArgyrisAccording to Argyris, organization needs to be redesigned for a fuller utilization of the most precious resource, the workers, in particular their psychological energy. The pyramidal structure will be relegated to the background, and decisions will be taken by small groups rather than by a single boss. Satisfaction in work will be more valued than material rewards. Work should be restructured in order to enable individuals to develop to the fullest extent. At the same time work will become more meaningful and challenging through self-motivation.Rensis LikertLikert identified four different styles of management:exploitative-authoritative; benevolent-authoritative; consultative; participative. The participative system was found to be the most effective in that it satisfies the whole range of human needs. Major decisions are taken by groups themselves and this results in achieving high targets and excellent productivity. There is complete trust within th e group and the sense of participation leads to a high degree of motivation.Fred LuthansLuthans advocates the so-called ‘contingency approach’ on the basis that certain practices work better than others for certain people and certain jobs. As an example, rigid, clearly defined jobs, authoritative leadership and tight controls lead in some cases to high productivity and satisfaction among workers. In some other cases just the opposite seems to work. It is necessary, therefore, to adapt the leadership style to the particular group of workers and the specific job in hand.Victor VroomVroom’s ‘expectancy theory’ is an extension of the ‘contingency approach’. The leadership style should be ‘tailored’ to the particular situation and to the particular group. In some cases it appears best for the boss to decide and in others the group arrives at a consensus. An individual should also be rewarded with what he or she perceives as impor tant rather than what the manager perceives. For example, one individual may value a salary increase, whereas another may, instead, value promotion. This theory contributes an insight into the study of motivation by explaining how individual goals influence individual performance.We have discussed above only a selection of the motivation theories and thoughts of the various proponents of the human behavior school of management. Not included here are, among others, the thoughts of:Seebohm Rowntree – labor participation in management; Elton Mayo – the Hawthorne Investigations; K. Lewin – group dynamics; force field theory; David McClelland – the achievement motivation; George Humans – the human group; William Whyte – the organization man. What does it all add up to? Back to ’square one’? Yes, indeed, the overall picture is certainly confusing. This is not surprising, for the human nature and human mind defy a clear-cut model, mat hematical or otherwise.In some of the theories and thoughts presented, however, one can see some ‘glimpses’ of the person and how, perhaps, he or she could be motivated. This is rewarding in itself. But, as noted earlier, practice has been ahead of theory in this field, so let us now move to the practical side of management of human behavior in the workplace. ——————————————————————————–

Bach essays

Bach essays Bachs Concerto for Harpsichord exhibits many features that are common in the first movements of Classical concerto forms. The movement begins with an orchestral exposition, all in tonic, in which a soft opening theme leads to a transitional tutti in measure 12. A light cadential theme is then heard from the orchestra, followed by a closing tutti in measure 24-43. The soloist then restates this in embellished form, being joined occasionally by the orchestra in measures 44-58, embroidering the transitional tutti with runs and turns as seen in measures 59-71, and then introducing a secondary theme on the dominant in measure 71. The light cadential theme of the orchestral exposition (measure 25) fuels an imaginatively elaborated closing section, in measures 85-105, to which the earlier closing tutti adds a final mark of punctuation in measure 106-114. Here, instead of developing these ideas as in a normal classical concerto, Bach plays on different tonal levels with a new idea intr oduced by the keyboard. In measure 146, the recapitulation is dominated by the solo instrument, omitting the keyboards second theme, and going directly from the now familiar transitional tutti to the graceful closing theme in measure 171. This is done nicely to extend to reach the six-four chord that announces the cadenza seen in measure 191, after which the closing tutti energetically ends the movement. This was a blend of the ritornello-solo structure of the Baroque concerto and the formal exposition, elaboration or excursion, and recapitulation of the symphonic allegro. The tutti now has discrete functions within a deliberate scheme of thematic and tonal contrast, and the solos, though still free and fanciful, are anchored in the principal thematic substance. (NAWM pg. 92) ...

COMPARE AND CONTRAST TWO POEMS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

COMPARE AND CONTRAST TWO POEMS - Essay Example The poem primarily deals with the immediate concerns of survival and moving through the bare and sometimes dark conditions that were everyday obstacles during this time in African-American communities. She tells her son to keep moving forward: â€Å"So, boy, don’t you turn back/ Don’t you set down on the steps† (14-15). The crystal stair works well as a metaphor for life; her advice in no way addresses the nuances or more positive aspects of life, but simply the need to survive and get through the day. Meinke’s poem, while also expressing his advice to a son, is very different in presentation and specific content. As with Hughes’ poem, the writer is speaking directly with the intended audience and offers advice through imagery and metaphor. According to Meinke, the purpose of life is to live every day fully while also planning for the future. Beauty in the world plays an important role in living a full life. The author states that â€Å"Beauty is nectar/ And nectar, in a desert, saves† (Meinke 13-14). The poem ends on a telling note regarding the enjoyments in life and the need to savor each moment and experiences: â€Å"And always serve bread with your wine/ But son, always serve wine† (21-22). Meinke’s poem expresses sentiments that Hughes’ mother cannot fully understand; for her, because of the hardships she knows and experiences on a daily basis, the luxury of enjoying life’s more positive offerings is a foreign concept. Hughes and Meinke have presented two differing views that juxtapose a world full of beauty with that of a more barren, colorless environment. Both poems successfully convey parental concerns and words of wisdom that are to help their respective sons live and function in the world–the main difference being that Hughes’ mother strives for simple survival, while Meinke’s parent is able to